The Payment Services Regulation (PSR) now imposes an affirmative obligation on the provider: invite the payer to respond before concluding fraud or gross negligence. This obligation shifts the evidentiary initiative, but sets no evidentiary regime for proving its own implementation. An analysis of the gap and the SOURCE 0 pre-execution attestation response.

From Article 72 of PSD2 to Article 55 of the PSR: how European payments law came to admit that a system cannot be the proof of its own reliability.