Article 9 of Directive (EU) 2024/2853 presumes a product defective if the manufacturer won't hand over technical evidence. That closes the refusal problem. It leaves untouched a narrower one: whether the evidence handed over was dated before the dispute began. 

 A certified sustainability claim is not the same as a provable one. Directive (EU) 2024/825 puts the burden of proof on the advertiser — not the certifier. SOURCE 0 closes the gap between verification and timing.

The Payment Services Regulation (PSR) now imposes an affirmative obligation on the provider: invite the payer to respond before concluding fraud or gross negligence. This obligation shifts the evidentiary initiative, but sets no evidentiary regime for proving its own implementation. An analysis of the gap and the SOURCE 0 pre-execution attestation response.

From Article 72 of PSD2 to Article 55 of the PSR: how European payments law came to admit that a system cannot be the proof of its own reliability.

States do not lose climate litigation because their policies were inadequate. They lose because they cannot prove, with forensic finality, what those policies were based upon at the moment they were adopted. SOURCE 0 seals that proof before litigation exists. The Irish multi-generational climate case as paradigmatic demonstration. SOURCE 0 Doctrine Series — Authoritative Public Release.